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17:30 |

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Posted by benita grace steffani's blog
07:41 |

Karya cah 9I DS JHS. Maria, Grace ,Cia angkatan 2015/2016

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South america

07:18 |


Infographic on South America Facts
Click to view full Infographic
Continent name: South America

Story behind the name: German cartographer Martin Waldseemüller named the new continent after the Italian explorer, Amerigo Vespucci’s first name. 

An alternative theory was proposed that the name America is derived from Richard Amerike, a merchant from Bristol, England, who is believed to have financed John Cabot’s voyage of discovery to Newfoundland in 1497.

New World is one of the names used specifically for America and the region south of America was then called South America. The term originated in the late 15th century, when America had been recently discovered by European explorers.

Area: 6,890,000 square miles or 17,840,000 square kilometers

Population: Approximately 385,742,554

Location and Geography: South America occupies the southern portion of the landmass referred to as the New World.
  • Its triangular shape gives it the shortest coastline, for its size, of any of the continents
  • It is home to the world’s highest waterfall , Angel Falls in Venezuela; the largest river (by volume), the Amazon River the longest mountain range, the Andes (whose highest mountain is Aconcagua at 6,962 m [22,841 ft]); the driest place on earth, the Atacama Desert; the largest rainforest, the Amazon Rainforest; the highest capital city, La Paz, Bolivia; the highest commercially navigable lake in the world, Lake Titicaca
  • Brazil is, by far, the largest country in South America, encompassing around half of the continent’s land area and population. The remaining countries and territories are divided among three regions: The Andean States, the Guianas and the Southern Cone.
  • South America is home to many interesting and unique species of animals including the llama, anaconda, piranha, jaguar, vicuña, and tapir

Economy and Currencies: South America is experiencing great economic development, with Venezuela, Colombia, Argentina, Uruguay and Peru growing their economies by over 8% per annum, but at the same time, they are experiencing very high inflation rates, like around 22% in Venezuela

South American countries and their currency:

  • Argentina – Argentine peso (ARS)
  • Bolivia – Bolivian boliviano (BOB)
  • Brazil – Brazilian real (BRL)
  • Chile – Chilean peso (CLP)
  • Colombia – Colombian peso (COP)
  • Ecuador – U.S. dollar (USD)
  • French Guiana – Euro (EUR)
  • Guyana – Guyanese dollar (GYD)
  • Paraguay – Paraguayan guaraní (PYG)
  • Peru – Peruvian nuevo sol (PEN)
  • Suriname – Surinamese dollar (SRD)
  • Uruguay – Uruguayan peso (UYU)
  • Venezuela – Venezuelan bolívar fuerte (VEF)

Languages: Portuguese and Spanish are the most spoken languages in South America. Spanish is the official language of most countries, along with other native languages in some countries.

  • Portuguese is spoken in Brazil
  • Dutch is the official language of Suriname
  • English is the official language of Guyana and is also spoken in the Falkland Islands
  • French is the official language of French Guiana and the second language in Amapa (Brazil)

History and Colonization:
South America’s history is filled with tales of mystery and wealth, many originating from the Inca, the Maya, and the Aztec civilizations. These three great civilizations were the first empires in South America.

The Mayan civilization developed about 600 years ago in South America. The civilization lasted for about one thousand years until gradually they disappeared. The Inca lived high up in the Andes Mountains. They built cities of stone and they had terraced fields for growing crops. Unfortunately the Inca began to fight too many wars and before long, they disappeared as mysteriously as the Mayans.

The Aztecs were one of the most powerful civilizations. They had a mighty capital called Tenochtitlan. The Aztecs were very powerful until 1519, when a Spaniard named Hernando Cortez appeared. He was the leader of a small Spanish army. The Spanish declared war on the Aztecs, but the Aztecs were easily defeated because the Spanish had much better weapons and an experienced army. Soon the Aztecs also began to lose their power.

After the natives of South America lost most of their control, South America was primarily dominated by the Spanish. The Spanish colonized South America in hopes of finding gold and other valuable natural resources. It was initiated by the Spanish conquistadors and developed by the Monarchy of Spain through its administrators and missionaries. The motivations for colonial expansion were trade and the spread of the Christian faith through indigenous conversions. It lasted for over four hundred years, from 1492 to 1898.

Countries with their Capitals
  • Argentina  -Buenos Aires
  • Bolivia – La Paz – seat of government; Sucre – legal capital and seat of judiciary
  • Brazil – Brasilia
  • Chile – Santiago
  • Colombia – Bogotá
  • Ecuador – Quito
  • Falkland Islands / Islas Malvinas -Stanley
  • French Guiana – Cayenne
  • Guyana – Georgetown
  • Paraguay – Asunción
  • Peru – Lima
  • Suriname – Paramaribo
  • Uruguay – Montevideo
  • Venezuela – Caracas

Music
South American nations have a rich variety of music. Some of the most famous genres include samba from Brazil, tango from Argentina & Uruguay, and cumbia from Colombia.

Major religions: Roman Catholicism, Protestantism

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Posted by benita grace steffani's blog

Australia

06:54 |


The size and shape of Australia

Australia is a larger country than many people believe. To travel from the easternmost point of Australia, Cape Byron in New South Wales, to the westernmost point of Australia, Steep Point in Western Australia, you would have to travel 4100 kilometres (km). To travel from the northernmost point of the country, Cape York in Queensland, to the southernmost point of the Australian mainland, Wilson's Promontory in Victoria, you would have to travel 3180 km. Overall, the country covers an area of about 7 682 300 square kilometres (km2). See image 1
Australia is the sixth-largest country in the world. The only countries larger than Australia are Russia, Canada, China, the United States of America and Brazil. Australia is a little less than half the size of Russia and is only slightly smaller than the United States. See image 2
Australia has an approximately oval shape, with the country wider east to west than north to south. At the north and south of the continent are two areas of water that cut into the Australian mainland, the Gulf of Carpentaria in the north and the Great Australian Bight in the south.

The Australian continent

Australia has a continuous coastline of around 30 000 km. Scattered around the coast of Australia are more than 12 000 islands, the majority being continental shelf islands, such as Rottnest Island (Western Australia), Kangaroo Island (South Australia) and Hayman Island off the coast of Queensland with a few coral islands such as Heron and Green, and just a handful of true oceanic islands, such as Lord Howe. If the coastlines of the surrounding islands are included in the measurement of Australia's coastline, along with hundreds of bays and estuaries, the total coastline extends over 70 000 km. Australia has the world's fifth-longest coastline after Russia, Canada, Greenland and Indonesia. Australia's nearest neighbours are all groups of islands, or archipelagos.
Some people believe that Australia is the largest island on Earth, while others believe it is its own continent because it has its own tectonic plate and unique plant and animal life. Some people believe that Australia is part of a continent called Oceania, which includes many islands such as New Zealand, Fiji and Papua New Guinea. See image 3
While Australia is the only country that occupies the entire mainland of a continent, it is the smallest of the seven continents. The largest continent is Asia, which covers nearly 45 000 000 km2. The next largest continent is Africa, followed by North America, South America, Antarctica and Europe.

The Australian States and Territories

The Commonwealth of Australia consists of six States: New South Wales, Queensland, South Australia, Tasmania, Victoria and Western Australia and two mainland major territories, the Australian Capital Territory and the Northern Territory.See image 4
Western Australia
Of the States and Territories, Western Australia has the greatest area, covering 2 529 875 km2, with a border length of 1862 km and a coastline length of 20 871km. Western Australia borders the Northern Territory and South Australia to the east, and accounts for 33% of the continent. Western Australia is approximately ten times the size of New Zealand.
Queensland
Queensland is the second largest State of Australia, spreading over 1 730 648 km2. The coastline is over 13 347 km, touching the Gulf of Carpentaria and the Coral Sea. Queensland shares a border with New South Wales, South Australia and the Northern Territory and its border length extends 33 369 km.
The Northern Territory
The total land area of the Northern Territory is 1 349 129 km2, with a coastline length of 10 953 km and a border length of 3179 km. It borders Queensland to the east, South Australia to the south and Western Australia to the west.
South Australia
South Australia covers some of the most arid parts of the continent, and is the fourth-largest of Australia's States and Territories, spreading across 983 482 km2. It is bordered to the north by the Northern Territory, to the east by Queensland, New South Wales and Victoria, to the west by Western Australia and along the south by the Great Australian Bight and the Southern Ocean. South Australia's coastline length is 5067 km, while its border length is 3185 km.
New South Wales
New South Wales is Australia's oldest and most populous State. It accounts for 10% percent of the total land area of Australia (800 642 km2). Its border length runs across 4635 km and its coastal length extends for 2137 km. It borders Queensland to the north, South Australia to the west and Victoria to the south.
Victoria
Victoria is the smallest of the mainland States (227 416 km2). It also has the smallest coastline length (2512 km) and the smallest border length (2541 km). Victoria borders New South Wales to the north and South Australia to the west.
Tasmania
The island of Tasmania is often referred to as the 'Natural State', owing to its relatively unspoilt and natural environment. Forty percent of Tasmania's land area (68 332 km2) is formally in National Parks, reserves and World Heritage Sites. Since Tasmania is an island, it does not border any States. Tasmania is separated from the mainland by Bass Strait to the south of Victoria.
The Australian Capital Territory
The Australian Capital Territory, or ACT, is located in inland New South Wales. It is the smallest State or Territory of the Commonwealth of Australia at 68 401 km2. It contains only 0.03% of Australia's total land area. The ACT is bordered on all sides by New South Wales.

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Posted by benita grace steffani's blog

africa

06:44 |


Map of Africa
Print this map LARGER   (printable)   AFRICA MAP

African History

As for Africa, scientists have formerly concluded that it is the birthplace of mankind, as large numbers of human-like fossils (discovered no where else) were found on the continent, some dating back 3.5 million years.
neanderthal
About 1.75 million years ago, early man spread throughout parts of Africa. They became aggressive hunters, lived in caves and used fire and their ability to create stone tools just to survive.

The Neanderthals arose some 200,000 years ago and inhabited regions in northern Africa and across parts of southern Europe. There is also clear evidence that they had control of fire, lived in caves, as well as open-air structures of stone and vegetation.
One of the most important developments of primitive man was the creation of stone tools. By 5000 BC farming was somewhat common in the northern areas of Africa, as people were growing crops and herding livestock. During that time the Sahara Desertwas a fertile area.
In 3200 BC the Egyptian culture emerged along the lower reaches of the Nile River; it was among the earliest civilizations and their tools and weapons were made of bronze. They also pioneered the building of massive pyramids and temples.
Egyptians also developed mathematics, an innovative system of medicine, irrigation and agricultural production techniques, writing and the first ships. In short, the Egyptians left a lasting legacy upon the world.
Around 600 BC the use of metal tools spread across small population bases and farming groups in North Africa, and their use gradually spread south into what is now called South Africa.
The Phoenicians were an enterprising maritime trading culture from Lebanon who spread across the Mediterraneanfrom 1550 BC to 300 BC. In 814 BC, they founded the city of Carthage in what is now Tunisia in north Africa; only to be destroyed by the Romans in 146 BC.
Meanwhile, the Egyptians continued to spread their culture across Northern Africa, and kingdoms were created inEthiopia and Sudan. The then-growing Roman Empire continued to expand its influence, and in 30 BC Egypt became a province of Rome; Morocco the same in 42 AD.
Before the Middle Ages began, the Roman Empire collapsed and the Arabs quickly took their place on the continent. In 698-700 they invaded Tunis and Carthage and soon controlled all of coastal North Africa. The Arabs were Muslims, and most of North Africa converted to Islam; Ethiopia was the exception.
Soon kingdoms emerged in Africa; they traded with the Arabs using gold plus a valuable commodity - slaves. One of the first kingdoms was Ghana, located in what is now southeastern Mauritania and western Mali. The empire grew rich from the trans-Saharan trade in gold and salt, but then lost its power in the 11th century.
Additional kingdoms developed across the continent, including those in Benin and Mali. Both became rich by trading in gold, horse salt, and of course, slaves. And like most kingdoms before them on any continent, they were invaded and in the end destroyed.
Mogadishu, the now largest city in Somalia, was settled by Arabs who traveled and traded on the east coast of Africa. The Arabs' reach extended to Zanzibar, which was used as a base for voyages between the Middle East andIndia.
As other organized kingdoms were formed in central and southern Africa, the Portuguese began to explore the western coast of Africa. By 1445 they reached the Cape Verde Islands and the coast of Senegal, and the mouth of the River Congo in 1482. They even sailed around the Cape of Good Hope.
africa
The continent-changing 16th Century began with Europeans transporting African slaves to the Americas for profit. A slave purchased on the African coast for the equivalent of 14 English pounds in bartered goods could sell for 45 pounds in the American market.
The best-known method of commerce at the time was called the Triangular Trading System. It involved British and other European countries' manufactured goods which were shipped to Africa, then slaves from there to the West Indies and then sugar and other products back to Europe.
At the same time, Barbary pirates along the North African coast captured thousands of ships. From the 16th to 19th century, an estimated 800,000 to 1.25 million people were taken captive as slaves. The pirates' impact on the continent, however, peaked in the early to mid-17th century.
As tales of African riches spread north, the Europeans founded their first real colonies in the early 16th century, when the Portuguese settled in what is now Angola. Later, the Dutch founded a colony in what is now South Africa.
Strong movements to end slavery began in the late 18th century. France became one of the first countries to abolish slavery in 1794. Britain banned slave trade in 1807, but it was not officially abolished for good until 1848. In some parts of Africa, slave-like practices continue to this day and have proven difficult to eliminate.
Wholesale colonization of Africa by European countries began in 1814 when the British snatched the Dutch Colony of South Africa. Carved up like a large pie, the Brits, Dutch,French, Germans and Portuguese grabbed all of the available pieces.
By the end of the 19th century, from Algeria to Zimbabwe, and from Botswana to Niger, the continent was now all but controlled by European powers. In the early 20th century the land grab continued as the British took control ofEgypt.
By 1920, the forced occupation of African lands began to sour in Europe, and change was in the wind. Africans were also driven by their passionate desire for independence and the movement for same became unstoppable. By mid-century most of the continent was independent, with Angola finally free in 1975.
Self-government brought more than its share of civil wars, coup d'états and ethnic conflicts to the newly emerged countries. Add to that mix some horrible genocides, along with famines and out-of-control disease (HIV/AIDS), and Africa was teetering on the edge, and in many areas still does today.
Although Africa remains the world's poorest inhabited continent, there are many bright spots in this land of over one billion people and its 2,000 + languages. Significant economic and social gains have taken place over the last few years, with South Africa, Nigeria, Morocco and Egypt leading the way.
The largest segments of modern Africa's economies are agriculture and mining, with tourism growing in some areas. Manufacturing industries have grown large enough to ship products across the planet, and the oil export revenues of Angola, Libya and Nigeria have the potential to change the lives of millions.
Today the 54 countries of Africa have great potential, but this question must be asked: "Can it change soon enough to meet the needs of its people?" We can only hope so. 

Africa Geography Facts

For additional geography details please use the yellow navigation bar at the top of this page.

Africa Geography Notes

Two of Africa's most interesting geographical features are the Nile River System and Sahara Desert; both impressive in so many ways.
Nile River System: The Nile is a north-flowing river considered the longest river in the world at 6,650 km (4,130 mi) long. It is shared by and benefits eleven countries. The White Nile and Blue Nile are its major tributaries. The White Nile is longer and rises in the Great Lakes region of central Africa, flowing north from Tanzania to South Sudan. The Blue Nile is the source of most of the water and both rivers join near Khartoum, Sudan The northern section of the river flows almost entirely through desert, from Sudan into Egypt. The Nile ends in a large delta that empties into the Mediterranean Sea.
Sahara Desert: It's the world's hottest desert, the third largest desert after Antarctica and the Arctic, and almost as large as China. Covering almost one-third of the continent, the Sahara is the largest hot desert in the world at approximately 3,500,000 sq. miles (9,065,000 sq. km) in total size. Topography includes areas of rock-strewn plains, rolling sand dunes and numerous sand seas. It ranges in elevation from 100 ft. below sea level, to peaks in the Ahaggar and Tibesti Mountains, that exceed 11,000 ft. (3,350m). Regional deserts include the Libyan, Nubian and the Western desert of Egypt, just to the west of the Nile. Almost completely without rainfall, a few underground rivers flow from the Atlas Mountains, helping to irrigate isolated oases. In the east, the waters of the Nile help fertilize smaller parts of the landscape.

Africa Information

Links to Africa information that are updated daily.

Africa Map

Africa, the planet's 2nd largest continent and the second most-populous continent (after Asia) includes (54)individual countries, and Western Sahara, a member state of the African Union whose statehood is disputed by Morocco. Note that South Sudan is the continent's newest country.
With a 2011 population of 1,032,532,974, it accounts for just over 14% of the world's human population. It also contains the Nile River system, the world's longest, and the massive Sahara Desert, the world's largest.
Africa is surrounded by the Mediterranean Sea to the north, both the Suez Canal and the Red Sea along the Sinai Peninsula to the northeast, the Indian Ocean to the east and southeast, and the Atlantic Ocean to the west. 

Africa Outline Map

Africa outline map
print this map

Africa Political Map

Africa political map
Political maps are designed to show governmental boundaries of countries, states, and counties, the location of major cities, and they usually include significant bodies of water. Like in the sample, bright colors are often used to help the user find the borders. A larger version of this maphere.

Africa Topographical Map

africa topographical map
A topographic map highlights hills, mountains and valleys of a specific land area by exaggerated shading rather than by using contour lines. This topo map clearly shows the flatness of the Sahara Desert, the depression that Lake Chad sits in, the high mountains of the Great Rift Valley, and it also highlights Lake Victoria, all but surrounded by mountains.

Great Rift Valley Map

Africa great rift valley map
This is a slice of a larger topographical map that highlights the Great Rift Valley, a dramatic depression on the earth's surface, approximately 4,000 miles (6,400 km) in length, extends from the Red Sea area near Jordan in the Middle East,, south to the African country of Mozambique. In essence, it's a series of geological faults caused by huge volcanic eruptions centuries back, that subsequently created what we now call the Ethiopian Highlands, and a series of perpendicular cliffs, mountain ridges, rugged valleys and very deep lakes along its entire length. Many of Africa's highest mountains front the Rift Valley, includingMount Kilimanjaro,Mount Kenya and Mount Margherita.
For additional details on many of the landforms of Africa,this page will help

Africa Satellite View Map

satellite view of Africa
This NASA satellite view of Africa can be useful in many applications, including agriculture, geology, forestry, meteorology, intelligence and warfare. In addition, it's a great education tool as it provides an overview of Africa, with the desert areas of the north, the central fertile areas and the varied topography of the southern regions of the continent are clearly visible.

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